翻譯(更)

International Initiatives國際新方法By Andreas Hubner, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres they refer to improved access to information.
指的是由Andreas Hubner，亥姆霍茲聯合會，德國研究中心所改進得到的資訊。Unlike the (sometimes very advanced) debateon Open Access in developed countries,
不同的是在發達的國家（有時是非常先進的）辯論有關於開放近用，The documents passed by the summit also focus on measures to overcome the global digital divide,
本文通過了最高會議也把焦點放在克服全球性式劃分的措施，
in other words they also focus on the development of basic technologies and infrastructure in the world’s less developed regions as a prerequisite for Open Access to information.
換句話說他們在世界的未發達地區也集中於基礎技術和基礎設施的發展在開放近用中的資訊內容。
The Declaration of Principles states with regard to Open Access: ‘We strive to promote universal access with equal opportunities for all to scientific knowledge and the creation and dissemination of scientific and technical information,關於開放近用的道德說明： `我們努力的推動普及高等教育以一定的機率傳播和創造為了所有到科學和科技信息，including Open Access initiatives for scientific publishing’(124).包括開放近用為科學出版』 (124)。The Plan of Action is intended to guarantee the concrete implementation of the visions and tenets formulated in the Declaration of Principles by 2015.
在2015年的宣告中打算讓活動計畫對於保證原則聲明和原則的公式化具體實現在人前。
One of the plan’s eleven central points of action is entitled ‘Access to Information and Knowledge’ and formulates recommendations for governments and others, in order to achieve improved access to information.
在這個活動計劃中的十一個重點之一”近用對於資訊和知識”和政府以及其他人的推薦，為了達到被改進過的信息近用。
One of the measures the Plan of Action states in this regards is the following: ‘Encourage initiatives to facilitate access,
including free and affordable access to Open Access journals and books, and open archives for scientific information’(125).
內容的措施之一，活動計劃中的國家在這方面是： '鼓勵措施，用以便利， 包括免費和負擔得起的開放近用期刊和書籍，並開啟資料庫的科學資訊' （ 125 ） 。

In order to implement the different
為了執行不一樣的
124 http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/md/03/wsis/doc/S03-WSIS-DOC-0004!!PDF-E.pdf. paragraph 28.
第28段125 http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/poa.html. paragraph C3, 10 i.131•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••International ContextA large number of international Open Access initiatives strive for the implementation of the idea of Open Access.
國際背景大量的國際開放近用努力倡議執行開放近用的想法。
A few of the most important ones are introduced below.
一些重要的介紹如下:WSIS (World Summit on the Information Society)
信息社會世界峰會（世界首腦會議信息社會）
After the Internet became a mass medium during the 1990s and the relevance of ‘information as a raw material’ within the global society became more and more clear, politicians increasingly had to address the question of a global framework for the information society.
在網際網路之後成為一個大眾傳播媒介在1990年代和相關的訊息為資料，在全球社會中變得越來越清晰，越來越多的政治家前來解決全球框架的訊息社會問題。Following some (trans)national initiatives, this resulted in the idea of a ‘World Summit on the Information Society’, which was taken up by the UN in 2001. The summit was held in two phases as part of the implementation of the UN Millennium Declaration: in Geneva in 2003, and in Tunis in 2005.
下面一些（轉）國家倡議，他所推廣的想法，世界首腦聚集會議資訊'，在聯合國2001年所採取的行動。這次首腦會議分為兩階段，舉行中的一部分是執行聯合國千年宣言： 在2003年在日內瓦和2005年在突尼斯舉行。
One of the summit’s special features was the participation not just of governmentsbut of all involved stakeholders,i.e. business representatives and civil society.
這一個首腦會議的特點是參與的人不僅是各國政府，所有參與中的利益相關者，像是企業代表和民間社會。The Declaration of Principles and the Plan of Action passed in Geneva after some tough wrangling about wording are not binding under international law, but were rather formulated as an appeal.
原則上的宣言和行動計劃通過後，在日內瓦的一些強硬的措辭爭吵根據國際法約不具有約束力，而是制定出了法律上訴。
Amongst other things,courses of action, first consultation meetings were held in October 2006, where UNESCO was confirmed as an official facilitator for the areas ‘Access to Information and Knowledge’ and ‘E-science’, amongst others.
除此之外的行動方針，第一次協商會議於2006年10月，教科文組織被確認為正式調解人領域獲得信息和知識的和電子科學，等等。
At the same time working topics were developed.
同時在此會議中制定了工作主題。The documents passed by WSIS in Geneva are the lowest common denominator to which the UN’s 192 Member States could agree. As a result, they are carefully formulated and concerned with balancing interests, not least when it comes toOpen Access.
通過的文件在日內瓦信息社會世界峰會是最低的共同標準，是經由聯合國192個會員國同意。因此，他們正在認真制定並關注利益上的平衡，至少符合開放近用。
This was particularly criticized by representatives of civil society, causing them toformulate their own final document, which speaks more clearly and sees itself as an important supplement to the official documents.
這是特別批評了民間社會的代表，規畫她們自己的決定性文件，其中提到更清楚，更把自己看作一個重要補充的正式文件。
The documents passed by WSIS in Tunis (Tunis Commitment and Tunis Agenda for the Information Society) do not go any further than the documents passed inGeneva with regard to Open Access, but they do expressly confirm them.
該文件通過世界首腦聚集會議在突尼斯（突尼斯承諾和突尼斯信息社會議程）不會比任何文件更促進通過日內瓦開放近用，因為他們明確的證實了。OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) In contrast to the documents passed by WSIS,which take a more comprehensive look at the world’s less developed regions, the OECD, as the coordinating committee of the 30 leading developed countries in the area of economic policy, is mainly concerned with the impact of Open Access on economics and research policy.
經濟合作發展組織（組織，經濟合作與發展）與此不同的世界首腦聚集會通過的文件，這需要更廣泛的看待世界上的未開發地區，經濟合作發展組織，作為協調委員會的30個主要發達國家地區的經濟政策，主要涉及的影響有開放獲取的經濟和政策研究。In January 2004, a Declaration on access to publicly funded research data was passed.In addition to the OECD states, China, Israel,the Russian Federation, and South Africa also signed the document.
2004年1月，另一項宣言，對於進入公共資助的研究資料庫，獲得通過。 此外，經濟合作發展組織國家，中國，以色列，俄羅斯聯邦和南非也簽署了文件
Amongst other things, they acknowledge their commitment to the principles of balance, transparency, good scientific and scholarly practice, and the observation of quality and security standards.
除此之外，他們也承認他們所保障的原則，均衡，公開，良好的科學和學術實踐，注意品質和安全標準。
In this spirit, the OECD Council’s recommendation regarding access to publicly funded research data was published in December 2006.
本著此一精神，經濟合作發展組織理事會對獲取公共資助的研究數據的建議發表於2006年12月。This document expresses a clear recommendation for the signatory states to legislate towards Open Access.
這一份文件表示了明確的建議，簽署國的立法將走向開放近用。
In addition, the OECD Council seeks to monitor the implementation of the recommendation in the individual states and to adapt the guidelines to new developments in technology and scientific practice if need be.
此外，經濟合作發展組織理事會旨在監督執行中的建議，如果有需要個別國家的應對指導方針對於新發展的技術和科學的實踐。Besides Open Access to data, the OECD also adopted a position with regard to OpenAccess in the entire area of publicly funded scientific and scholarly publishing.
除了開放近用的數據，經濟合作發展組織還通過了一項關於整個地區的公共資金資助的科學和學術出版的開放近用。
A report was published in September 2005, which provides detailed descriptions of economic structures and added-value chains, as well as of existing and new business models based on online access.
一份報告內容， 2005年9月出版，其中詳細介紹了經濟結構和增值的價值鏈，以及現有的和新的典型商業基礎的在線閱讀權。
It concludes with ‘Challenges and Policy Considerations’. This report, like the declaration on the subject of research data (see above), recommends maximum access to research results in order to obtain greater social benefit.
這份報告內容是最後的挑戰和政策考慮。這份報告一樣，該宣言的主題研究的數據（見上文），建議獲得最多的研究成果，以獲得更大的社會效益。While the OECD has made a statement on Open Access to research data in the binding form of a declaration whose implementation is to be monitored, Open Access to general research results has so far only been recommended in the above-mentioned report.
雖然經濟合作發展組織發表了一項聲明會公開所獲得的研究數據，在具有約束力的形式，監測宣言的執行情況進行，開放近用一般研究成果迄今僅建議在上述報告。IFLA (International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions)Founded in 1927, IFLA sees itself as the leading global representation of libraries and information services.
國際圖聯（國際圖書館協會聯合會和機構）成立於1927年，國際圖聯認為自己是全球領先的代表性圖書館和信息服務機構。
IFLA feels committed to the principle of Open Access, particularly with regard to access to academic literature in developing countries.
國際圖聯覺得開放近用的不變原則，特別是關於在發展中國家獲得的學術文獻。
In the past few years,several declarations on Open Access have been passed, such as the ‘IFLA Statement on Open Access to Scholarly Literature and Research Documentation’ (February 2004).
在過去的幾年裡，一些申報中的開放近用已被通過，如' IFLA聲明中公開獲取學術文獻及研究文獻' （ 2004年2月） 。
This statement states IFLA’s support of the principles underlying Open Access, including the defence of authors’ rights, opposition to any kind of censorship, affordable access for individuals in developing countries, and the support of sustainable Open Access publication models.
本聲明在國家圖書館的支持下所依據的開放近用原則，包括維護作者的權利，反對任何形式的審查，獲得負擔得起的個人在發展中國家，並持續支持可開放近用的出版模式。In 1997, IFLA set up the committee on ‘Free Access to Information and Freedom ofExpression’. This committee deals with article 19 of the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights in so far as it is relevant to libraries.
1997年，國際圖聯成立的委員會的'自由獲取信息和表達的自由' 。這個委員會負責處理第19條規定的聯合國世界人權宣言只要是有關的圖書館。With regard to freedom of opinion, this article demands that everyone should be able to seek, receive and impart information and ideas regardless of frontiers.
關於言論自由，本條的要求，每個人都應該能夠尋求，接受和傳遞訊息和思想不分國界。
Important IFLA/FAIFE documents include the ‘IFLA Internet Manifesto’ (May 2002) and the ‘IFLA/UNESCO Internet Manifesto Guidelines’ (September 2006).
重要的國際圖聯/ FAIFE文件包括' IFLA的網際網路宣言' （ 2002年5月）和'國際圖聯/教科文組織網際網路宣言準則（ 2006年9月） 。Amongst other things, the Internet Manifesto calls upon the international community and national governments to promote the development of information structures and worldwide Internet access.
除此之外，國際網路宣言呼籲國際社會和各國政府，以促進發展信息結構和全球國際網路接入。
The guidelines mainly address libraries and go into some detail inter alia regarding programmes for Internet access as well as the development of services in libraries in order to make strategy decisions in these areas easier.
該方針主要涉及到圖書館和一些細節方面的特別方案，網際網路近用不但接入以及發展服務的圖書館，以使圖書館查詢系統，決定在這些領域容易。UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation)UNESCO supports the creation of Knowledge Societies in which everyone has access to information and knowledge.
教科文組織（聯合國教育，科學及文化組織） 教科文組織支持建立知識社會中，每個人都能夠獲得信息和知識。
It places its emphasis on education and development and includes ethical, social and political perspectives.
這地方重視教育和發展，包括道德，社會和政治觀點。The UNESCO Recommendation concerning the Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and Universal Access to Cyberspace, which was passed in autumn 2003, calls for the promotion of Open Access solutions: ‘Member States and international organisations should encourage Open Access solutions including the formulation of technical and methodological standards for information exchange, portability and interoperability, as well as online accessibility of public domain information on global information networks’(126).
教科文組織的建議關於促進和使用多種語言及普及使用網絡空間，這是通過在2003年秋季，要求促進開放近用解決方案： '會員國和國際組織應鼓勵開放近用解決方案，包括制定技術和方法標準信息交流，便攜性和互操作性，以及網上獲取公共領域信息的全球信息網絡 (126)。
Member States report back every four years on their implementation of this ‘Cyberspace Recommendation’.UNESCO is significantly involved in the process of the ‘World Summit on the Information Society’ and plays an important role in the implementation of the Geneva Plan of Action.
成員國報告每四年就其執行這個'網絡空間的建議。 教科文組織積極參與的過程中，世界信息社會首腦會議和中起著重要的作用實施日內瓦行動計劃。For one, it has been named an official facilitator of the Action Lines ‘Access to Information and Knowledge’ and ‘E-science’.
一方面，它已被正式任命為調解人的行動方針，獲取訊息和知識'和'電子科學' 。
In addition,UNESCO is working with many other initiatives in the area of access to information and knowledge, where it takes on a supporting and facilitating role, as for example with the formulation of the IFLA/UNESCO Internet Manifesto Guidelines. They state that ‘unhindered access to information is essential to freedom, equality, global understanding and peace’(127).
此外，教科文組織正在與許多其他領域倡議獲得的信息和知識，它需要一個支持和促進作用，例如制定了國際圖聯/教科文組織網際網路宣言準則。他們說， '不受阻礙的獲得信息是至關重要的自由，平等，全球了解與和平' （ 127 ） 。SPARC (Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition)SPARC was founded in 1998 with its seat in Washington DC (USA) as an international alliance of university and research libraries.
SPARC學術出版和學術資源聯盟）的SPARC成立於1998年在其總部設在華盛頓特區（美國）作為一個國際聯盟，大學和研究圖書館。Originally concerned with increasing competition in the publications market with the goal of lowering journal prices SPARC has now become an important international action platform, which is developing new communication models for academic publishing in cooperation with other initiatives and partners and is committed to Open Access.
最初關注日益激烈的競爭，在出版品市場，目的是降低價格的SPARC雜誌已成為一個重要的國際行動平台，這是開發新的通信模式，學術出版與其他倡議和合作夥伴，並承諾開放近用。
More than 220 mainly North American libraries are members of SPARC (as of January 2007)In addition,several large library organisations from all around the world are associated members.
超過220種，主要是北美圖書館成員的SPARC （截至2007年1月）此外，一些大型圖書館組織來自世界各地的成員有聯繫。SPARC Europe was founded in 2001 as an independent spin-off of SPARC and currently has more than 100 members.
SPARC的歐洲成立於2001年作為一個獨立的SPARC和目前有超過100名成員。These are also associated, as are the more than 600 libraries of SPARC Japan, which started work officially in December 2006. SPARC provides information on authors’ rights (development of an addendum to authors’ contracts), supports openly accessible and inexpensive journals(Publisher Partner Program), and offers strategicand practical advice for publishers who wish to get involved in Open Access publishing (Publisher Assistance Program).
這也是相關的，因為是600多個圖書館的日本SPARC，正式開始工作，於2006年12月。 SPARC的提供資料，作者的權利（發展的增編，作者的合同） ，支持公開查閱和廉價期刊（出版社合作夥伴計劃） ，並提供策略和切實可行的諮詢意見，供出版商誰願參與開放獲取出版（出版社援助計劃） 。
SPARC is supported by US-lobby groups such as the Open Access Working Group (OAWG) and the Alliance for Taxpayer Access (ATA) and thus plays an important role in the political arena, particularly in the United States.Sparc是支持美國的遊說團體，如開放近用工作組（ OAWG ）和聯盟的納稅人接入（版），從而在政治舞台上發揮了重要作用，特別是在美國。