496100018: 12月 2008

International Initiatives
國際新方法
By Andreas Hubner, Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres
由Andreas夜蛾，亥姆霍茲聯合會，德國研究中心
they refer to improved access to information.
他們指的改進獲得的信息。
Unlike the (sometimes very advanced) debate
不同的是（有時是非常先進的）辯論
on Open Access in developed countries,
關於開放存取在發達國家，
The documents passed by the summit also focus
這些文件通過的首腦會議還重點
on measures to overcome the global digital
關於採取措施克服全球數字
divide, in other words they also focus on the
鴻溝，換句話說，他們還著眼於
development of basic technologies and infrastructure
發展基礎技術和基礎設施
in the world’s less developed regions
在這個世界上欠發達地區
as a prerequisite for Open Access to information.
作為一個先決條件，開放獲取的信息
The Declaration of Principles states with
該宣言規定的原則與
regard to Open Access: ‘We strive to promote
關於開放存取： '我們努力促進
universal access with equal opportunities for all
普及與人人享有平等機會
to scientific knowledge and the creation and
科學知識和創造，並
dissemination of scientific and technical information,
傳播科學和技術資料，
including Open Access initiatives for
包括開放存取倡議
scientific publishing’(124).
科學出版'
The Plan of Action is intended to guarantee
該行動計劃的目的是保證
the concrete implementation of the visions and
具體實施的設想和
tenets formulated in the Declaration of Principles
原則制定的原則宣言
by 2015. One of the plan’s eleven central points
of action is entitled ‘Access to Information and
到2015年。一個計劃的11個中央點行動題為'獲取信息和
Knowledge’ and formulates recommendations
for governments and others, in order to
achieve improved access to information. One
知識和提出建議各國政府和其他國家，以實現改善獲取信息。一個
of the measures the Plan of Action states in
this regards is the following: ‘Encourage initiatives
to facilitate access, including free and
這些措施的行動計劃的國家這方面是： '鼓勵舉措便利，包括免費和
affordable access to Open Access journals and
books, and open archives for scientific information’(
125). In order to implement the different
獲得負擔得起的開放存取期刊和書籍，和開放檔案的科學資料' （ 125 ）。為了執行不同
124 http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/md/03/wsis/doc/S03-WSIS-DOC-0004!!PDF-E.pdf. paragraph 28.
125 http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/poa.html. paragraph C3, 10 i.
131
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International Context
A large number of international Open Access
initiatives strive for the implementation of the
idea of Open Access. A few of the most important
ones are introduced below.
大量的國際開放存取倡議爭取實施思想開放存取。有幾個最重要的的介紹如下。
WSIS (World Summit on the
Information Society)•••••••
信息社會世界峰會（世界首腦會議信息社會） • • • • • • •
After the Internet became a mass medium
during the 1990s and the relevance of ‘information
as a raw material’ within the global
society became more and more clear, politicians
在互聯網成為大眾傳播媒介在90年代和相關的信息為原料，在全球社會變得越來越明確，政治家
increasingly had to address the question of a
global framework for the information society.
Following some (trans)national initiatives, this
resulted in the idea of a ‘World Summit on the
Information Society’, which was taken up by
越來越多了，解決的問題全球框架的信息社會。以下一些（反）國家倡議，這導致的想法'問題世界首腦會議信息社會' ，這是採取行動
the UN in 2001. The summit was held in two
phases as part of the implementation of the
UN Millennium Declaration: in Geneva in 2003,
and in Tunis in 2005. One of the summit’s special
features was the participation not just of
governments
聯合國在2001年。這次首腦會議是在兩個階段的一部分，執行聯合國千年宣言： 2003年在日內瓦，和2005年在突尼斯舉行。一個首腦會議的特別特點是參與的不只是政府
but of all involved stakeholders,
i.e. business representatives and civil society.
The Declaration of Principles and the Plan of
Action passed in Geneva after some tough
但所有參與的利益相關者，即業務代表和民間社會。該宣言的原則和計劃的行動在日內瓦通過後，一些強硬
wrangling about wording are not binding
under international law, but were rather formulated
as an appeal. Amongst other things,
爭吵的措辭不具約束力根據國際法，而是制定作為一項上訴。除其他外，
132
courses of action, first consultation meetings
were held in October 2006, where UNESCO
was confirmed as an official facilitator for the
areas ‘Access to Information and Knowledge’
and ‘E-science’, amongst others. At the same
time working topics
were developed.
行動的課程，第一個諮詢會議
在 2006 年十月被拿著, 在哪裡聯合國教科文組織
被確認為一個官方的服務商了為那
區域’對資料和知識的通路’
而且’電子科學’, 在其他者當中。在一樣的
時間工作主題
被發展了。
The documents passed by WSIS in Geneva are
the lowest common denominator to which the
UN’s 192 Member States could agree. As a result,
they are carefully formulated and concerned with
balancing interests, not least when it comes to
Open Access. This was particularly criticized by
representatives of civil society, causing them to
在日內瓦被經過 WSIS 的文件是
最低的同分母到哪一個那
聯合國的 192 成員美國可以同意。結果，
他們小心地被制定而且掛慮與
平衡興趣，不是最少當它來到
打開通路。這特別地被批評了被
市民社會的代表，導致他們到
formulate their own final document, which speaks
more clearly and sees itself as an important supplement
to the official documents. The documents
passed by WSIS in Tunis (Tunis Commitment and
Tunis Agenda for the Information Society) do not
go any further than the documents passed in
Geneva with regard to Open Access, but they do
expressly confirm them.
制定他們自己的最後一份文件，說
更清楚而且視自己為重要的補充物
對官方的文件。文件
在突尼斯（突尼斯承諾和突尼斯議程為資訊社會）經過 WSIS了不
比文件更進一步變任何獲准進入
日內瓦關於公開通路，但是他們做
明白地確定他們。
OECD (Organisation for
Economic Cooperation
and Development) ••••••••
經濟合作暨發展組織（組織為經濟的合作和發展） ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧
In contrast to the documents passed by WSIS,
which take a more comprehensive look at the
world’s less developed regions, the OECD, as the
coordinating committee of the 30 leading developed
countries in the area of economic policy,
is mainly concerned with the impact of Open
與被經過 WSIS 的文件相反，
哪一個比較廣泛的看那
世界的比較少量發展了區域，經濟合作暨發展組織，當做那
協調被發展的 30 領先的委員會
在經濟政策的區域中的國家，
主要地關心
Access on economics and research policy.
In January 2004, a Declaration on access to
publicly funded research data was passed.
In addition to the OECD states, China, Israel,
the Russian Federation, and South Africa also
signed the document. Amongst other things,
they acknowledge their commitment to the
principles of balance, transparency, good
在經濟關係和研究政策上的通路。
在 2004 年一月, 通路的宣言到
公然地贊助研究資料被通過了。
除了經濟合作暨發展組織州、中國，以色列之外，
俄羅斯聯邦、和南非也
簽署了文件。在其他的事物當中，
他們承認他們的承諾那
平衡的原則、透明，美好事物
scientific and scholarly practice, and the observation
of quality and security standards. In this
spirit, the OECD Council’s recommendation
regarding access to publicly funded research
data was published in December 2006.
科學和好學的練習，和觀察
品質和安全標準。在這
精神，經濟合作暨發展組織議會推薦
關於公然地贊助了研究的通路
資料在 2006 年十二月被出版了。
This document expresses a clear recommendation
for the signatory states to legislate towards
Open Access. In addition, the OECD Council
seeks to monitor the implementation of the
recommendation in the individual states and to
adapt the guidelines to new developments in
technology and scientific practice if need be.
Besides Open Access to data, the OECD
also adopted a position with regard to Open
這一份文件表達清楚的推薦
對於簽約者說制定法律向
打開通路。除此之外，經濟合作暨發展組織議會
找尋監視落實那
個體州的推薦和到
使指導方針配合新的發展在
技術和科學的練習如果需要是。
除對資料的公開賽通路之外，經濟合作暨發展組織
也關於公開採用了一個位置
Access in the entire area of publicly funded scientific
and scholarly publishing. A report was
published in September 2005, which provides
detailed descriptions of economic structures
and added-value chains, as well as of existing
and new business models based on online
在整個區域中的通路公然地贊助科學的
而且好學的出版業。一項報告是
在 2005 年九月出版了, 提供
經濟結構的詳細描述
而且附加價值用鐵鍊鎖住，連同存在
而且基於的新的商務模型線上
access. It concludes with ‘Challenges and
Policy Considerations’. This report, like the
declaration on the subject of research data
(see above), recommends maximum access
to research results in order to obtain greater
social benefit.
取得。它總結與’挑戰和
政策考量。這一項報告，像那
研究資料的主題的宣言
（見到在）上面, 推薦最大的通路
研究結果為了要獲得比較棒的
社會的利益。
While the OECD has made a statement on
Open Access to research data in the binding
form of a declaration whose implementation
is to be monitored, Open Access to general
research results has so far only been recommended
in the above-mentioned report.
經濟合作暨發展組織已經發表一份陳述在
開放的通路在裝訂中研究資料
公告形成落實
將被監視，開放的通路指揮
研究結果到現在為止只有被推薦
在上述的報告中。
IFLA (International Federation
of Library Associations and
Institutions)••••••••••••••
IFLA （國際的聯邦圖書館協會和機構）‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧
Founded in 1927, IFLA sees itself as the
leading global representation of libraries and
information services. IFLA feels committed
to the principle of Open Access, particularly
with regard to access to academic literature
in developing countries. In the past few years,
在 1927 年建立, IFLA 視自己為那
圖書館的領導全球表現和
資料服務。 IFLA 感覺犯
對開放通路的原則，特別地
關於對學院的文學通路
在發展中國家中。在過去幾年中，
several declarations on Open Access have been
passed, such as the ‘IFLA Statement on Open
Access to Scholarly Literature and Research
Documentation’ (February 2004). This statement
states IFLA’s support of the principles
underlying Open Access, including the defence
of authors’ rights, opposition to any kind of
censorship, affordable access for individuals in
developing countries, and the support of sustainable
Open Access publication
models.
開放的通路一些宣言是
通過，像是那’在公開上的 IFLA 陳述
對好學的文學和研究的通路
文件 ’(2004 年二月). 這一份陳述
州 IFLA 的原則支持
基本的開放通路，包括防衛
作家的權利，對任何類型的$$1反對
檢查制度，為個體的可負擔的通路在
發展中國家，和支持足以支撐的
打開通路出版
模型。
In 1997, IFLA set up the committee on ‘Free
Access to Information and Freedom of
Expression’. This committee deals with article
19 of the United Nations Universal Declaration
of Human Rights in so far as it is relevant to
libraries.
在 1997 年, IFLA 建立委員會在’之上自由
對資料的通路和自由
表達’. 這一個委員會處理文章
聯合國通用公告中的 19
人權在它的範圍內與
圖書館。
With regard to freedom of opinion, this
article demands that everyone should be able
to seek, receive and impart information and
ideas regardless of frontiers. Important IFLA/
FAIFE documents include the ‘IFLA Internet
Manifesto’ (May 2002) and the ‘IFLA/UNESCO
Internet Manifesto Guidelines’ (September
2006).
關於意見的自由，這
文章要求每個人應該很聰明
尋求，接受而且傳授資料和
不管邊界的想法。重要的 IFLA／
FAIFE 文件包括那’IFLA 網際網路
宣言 ’(2002 年五月)和那’IFLA／聯合國教科文組織
網際網路宣言指引. （九月2006)
Amongst other things, the Internet
Manifesto calls upon the international community
and national governments to promote
the development of information structures and
worldwide Internet access. The guidelines
mainly address libraries and go into some detail
inter alia regarding programmes for Internet
access as well as the development of services
in libraries in order to make strategy decisions
in these areas easier.
在其他的事物當中，網際網路
宣言在國際社會之上呼叫
而且國家的政府促進
資料結構的發展和
全世界的網際網路取得。指導方針
主要地向圖書館演說而且討論一些細節
為網際網路埋葬關於計劃的 alia
通路和服務的發展
在圖書館中為了要使策略成為決定
在容易這些區域中。
124 http://www.itu.int/dms_pub/itu-s/md/03/wsis/doc/S03-WSIS-DOC-0004!!PDF-E.pdf. paragraph 28.
125 http://www.itu.int/wsis/docs/geneva/official/poa.html. paragraph C3, 10 i.
134
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UNESCO (United Nations
Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organisation)• ••••
聯合國教科文組織‧（聯合國教育的，科學的和文化的組織） ‧‧‧‧
UNESCO supports the creation of Knowledge
Societies in which everyone has access to information
and knowledge. It places its emphasis
on education and development and includes
ethical, social and political perspectives.
聯合國教科文組織支持知識的創造
社會在哪一個每個人能夠使用資料
而且知識。它放置它的強調
在教育和發展上而且包括
倫理、社會而且政治遠景。
The UNESCO Recommendation concerning
the Promotion and Use of Multilingualism and
Universal Access to Cyberspace, which was
passed in autumn 2003, calls for the promotion
of Open Access solutions: ‘Member States and
international organisations should encourage
聯合國教科文組織推薦關於
晉升和多語概論的使用和
全世界的接觸網際空間，是
在秋天 2003 通過了, 要求晉升
開放通路解決方案： ’成員美國和
國際的組織應該鼓勵
Open Access solutions including the formulation
of technical and methodological standards
for information exchange, portability and
interoperability, as well as online accessibility of
public domain information on global information
networks’(126). Member States report back
every four years on their implementation of this
‘Cyberspace Recommendation’.
打開通路解決方案包括形成
技術上和方法標準
因為資料交換，可攜帶和
互通性、連同線上易接近
公眾的領域關於全球的資料資訊
網路. （126) 成員美國報告背面
每四年在他們的落實之上這
’網際空間推薦’.
UNESCO is significantly involved in the process
of the ‘World Summit on the Information
Society’ and plays an important role in the
implementation of the Geneva Plan of Action.
For one, it has been named an official facilitator
of the Action Lines ‘Access to Information
and Knowledge’ and ‘E-science’. In addition,
聯合國教科文組織重要地參與程序
那’在資料方面的世界高峰會
社會’而且扮演重要角色在那
行動的日內瓦計劃的落實。
為一，它已經叫做一個官方的服務商
行動排成一行’對資料的通路
而且知識’和’電子科學’. 除此之外，
UNESCO is working with many other initiatives
in the area of access to information and
knowledge, where it takes on a supporting and
facilitating role, as for example with the formulation
of the IFLA/UNESCO Internet Manifesto
Guidelines. They state that ‘unhindered access
to information is essential to freedom, equality,
global understanding and peace’(127).
聯合國教科文組織正在與許多其他的開始合作
在對資料的通路區域中和
它承擔一個支持的知識和
促進角色，當做舉例來說以形成
IFLA／聯合國教科文組織網際網路宣言
指導方針。他們說那’不阻礙通路
對自由，平等對資料是必要的，
全球的理解和和平’.(127)
SPARC (Scholarly Publishing
and Academic Resources
Coalition)• •••••••••••••
SPARC‧（好學的出版業和學院的資源聯盟） ‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧‧
SPARC was founded in 1998 with its seat
in Washington DC (USA) as an international
alliance of university and research libraries.
Originally concerned with increasing competition
in the publications market with the goal
of lowering journal prices
SPARC 在 1998 年與它的座位一起建立
在華盛頓特區（美國）當做一國際的
大學和研究圖書館的同盟。
本來以逐漸增加的競爭掛慮
在出版中以目標銷售
使卑劣日記定價格，
SPARC has now
become an important international action platform,
which is developing new communication
models for academic publishing in cooperation
with other initiatives and partners and is
committed to Open Access. More than 220
mainly North American libraries are members
of SPARC (as of January 2007)
SPARC 現在有
成為一個重要的國際行動月台，
哪一個正在發展新的溝通
模型為合作的學院的出版業
與其他的開始和合夥人在一起而且是
犯打開通路。超過 220
主要北美圖書館是成員
SPARC. （從 2007 年一月起)
In addition,
several large library organisations from all
around the world are associated members.
SPARC Europe was founded in 2001 as an
independent spin-off of SPARC and currently
has more than 100 members.
除此之外，
來自全部的一些大的圖書館組織
在全世界是聯合的成員。
SPARC 歐洲在 2001 年被建立了當做一
SPARC 的獨立附帶利益和現在
有超過 100個成員。
These are also
associated, as are the more than 600 libraries
of SPARC Japan, which started work officially
in December 2006. SPARC provides information
on authors’ rights (development of an
addendum to authors’ contracts), supports
openly accessible and inexpensive journals
這些也是
聯合，如同是超過 600間圖書館
SPARC 日本，正式地開始了工作
在 2006 年十二月. SPARC 提供資料
在作家的權利（發展一對作家的契約附錄）上，支持
公開可接近和便宜的日記
(Publisher Partner Program), and offers strategic
and practical advice for publishers who
wish to get involved in Open Access publishing
(Publisher Assistance Program). SPARC
is supported by US-lobby groups such as the
Open Access Working Group (OAWG) and the
Alliance for Taxpayer Access (ATA) and thus
plays an important role in the political arena,
particularly in the United States.
（出版者合夥人計畫）, 而且提供策略性的
而且出版者的實際的忠告
想要參與開放的通路出版業
（出版者協助計畫）. SPARC
被美國支持－遊說團體如此的當做那
打開通路工作小組（OAWG）和那
同盟為納稅人通路（ATA）和如此
在政治的競技場中扮演重要角色，
特別地在美國。

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